Annotated Bibliography
General References
Greenwald, Michael L., Schultz, Roger and Pomo, Roberto D. The Longman Anthology of Drama and Theater: A Global Perspective. New York: Longman, 2001.
A general reference combining plays from around the world with a strong Western core, for the dramatic art form. This is an anthology that offers concise overviews of different times in theatre history.
Audiovisual Material
George Frideric Handel. Films Media Group, 1998. Films On Demand. Web. 13 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=29997>.
This film discusses the switch that George Fredric Handel made in the way his opera’s were funded, moving from a strict patronage-only system to an entirely subscriber-based fund.
Chaos and Order: Making American Theater. Films Media Group, 2005. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=35650>.
This film takes a look at the difference between public support in the US versus across the world. The pervasive point of view in the United States that if something is really needed, then a profit will be made- that marketplace kind of view and how it cannot apply to the arts. It also examines the NEA and federal funding for the arts versus art support in other countries. These interviews discuss the future of funding within the theatre community in this country.
William Shakespeare: A Concise Biography. Films Media Group, 2005. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=43983>.
This is a basic overview of Shakespeare’s career, but it highlights patronage in his early days. This video also covers the move from strict patronage to the more capitalist theatre, in which Shakespeare owned a tenth of the actual company.
’Tis Pity She’s a Whore: The First Women on the London Stage. Films Media Group, 1994. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=4802>.
This film shows the relationship between prostitution and theatre. It confirms the way that some patrons didn’t respect the art they were paying for, and gives credence to the condescension that was prevalent among patrons of the theatre and the artists they sponsored.
Spend and Prosper: A Portrait of J. M. Keynes. Films Media Group, 1981. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=7351>.
This is a look at the life of J.M. Keynes, a patron of the theatre who opened his own theatre with private money and essentially used it as his own personal theatrical experiment. The Arts Theatre was a success and this is shown through some of the actors who worked at this theatre early in their esteemed careers.
Books
Schanke, Robert A. Angels in the American Theater. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007.
Composed of sixteen essays that examine the roles that financial investors and backers have played in shaping and developing theater in the United States. This collection employs both a historical and a chronological format. This book provides a comprehensive look at patronage in American theatre, from the early 20th century to today. In the final chapters it begins to explore the switch from personal patronage into corporate support and discusses some potential negatives in this way of funding.
Buchanan, James J. Theorika. Locust Valley, NY: J.J. Agustin Publisher, 1962.
A study of monetary distributions to the Athenian citizenry during the fifth and fourth centuries. Buchanan is giving a broad look at the Theorika, an Athenian group founded to provide monies for festivals, sacrifices, and various public events. This broad look helps to paint the picture of this group and how they made decisions, but rarely focuses strictly on performance. Aristotle is mentioned but only in association to Politics, never Poetics.
Whitfield White, Paul and Westfall, Suzanne R. Shakespeare and Theatrical Patronage in Early Modern England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
An extensive, wide-ranging, and representative study of patronage as it relates to Shakespeare and the theatrical culture of his time. Westfall and White use this collection of different articles to look at patronage in renaissance England, but also to compare how patronage works in modern day theatre. This collection ultimately speaks to the idea of how the past informs the present.
Wickham, Glynne W. G. The Medieval Theatre. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1974.
A history of the development of dramatic art in Christian Europe, this text studies the foundations on which dramatic art was built and describes three major influences upon drama: religion, recreation and commerce. Wickham identifies commerce as one of the three contexts to study medieval theatre, this allows for most of his study to directly relate to patronage or at the very least the need for monetary backing.
Ross, James Bruce and Martin McLaughlin, Mary. The Portable Renaissance Reader. New York: Viking Penguin Inc, 1981.
A study of the European Renaissance including writings, epochal events and the flow of everyday life including; history and the arts, religion and science, and commerce and statecraft. Ross and McLaughlin provide a view of the Renaissance mood through various letters of the people that helped to shape the period. This text provides a context to measure all other research pertaining to patronage in this era.
Journal Articles
Oates, Mary I. and Baumol, William J. "On the Economics of the Theater in Renaissance London." The Swedish Journal of Economics, Vol. 74: No. 1, Economics of Location: Theory and Policy Aspects (Mar., 1972), pp. 136-160.
Oates and Baumol state that the success of theatre in the Renaissance had to do with relatively low wages, and with little competition from outside forces. They make a point that just because wages are higher doesn’t mean the theatre thrives, and that there is historical evidence that might prove the opposite to be true.
Harris, John S. "The Government and Arts Patronage." Public Administration Review, Vol. 33: No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 1973), pp. 407-414.
Harris compares government-sponsored patronage in three countries; Canada, the United States, and Great Britain. He outlines different forms of grants or endowments and tries to leave a roadmap for combinations he deems to be the most successful in this model moving forward.
Sullivan, Ceri. " London's Early Modern Creative Industrialists." Studies in Philology, Volume 103: Number 3, Summer 2006, pp. 313-328.
Sullivan talks extensively about theater patronage, but from the standpoint of commissioning the writing of plays. This literary lens limits its use theatrically, but does introduce Ben Johnson as a “purveyor of high class corporate entertainment”.
Kahn, Coppélia. “Timon of Athens, Jacobean Patronage, and Maternal Power.” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 38: No. 1 (Spring, 1987), pp. 34-57.
Kahn discusses two themes in this selection; feminism & gender and politics. Kahn says that these two elements have to work in tandem because they both reference the other. The article discusses this relationship, but also touches on Shakespeare’s possible attack on the largesse of patrons. Kahn even cites specific text about patronage and the condescending nature that comes with it.
Greenwald, Michael L., Schultz, Roger and Pomo, Roberto D. The Longman Anthology of Drama and Theater: A Global Perspective. New York: Longman, 2001.
A general reference combining plays from around the world with a strong Western core, for the dramatic art form. This is an anthology that offers concise overviews of different times in theatre history.
Audiovisual Material
George Frideric Handel. Films Media Group, 1998. Films On Demand. Web. 13 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=29997>.
This film discusses the switch that George Fredric Handel made in the way his opera’s were funded, moving from a strict patronage-only system to an entirely subscriber-based fund.
Chaos and Order: Making American Theater. Films Media Group, 2005. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=35650>.
This film takes a look at the difference between public support in the US versus across the world. The pervasive point of view in the United States that if something is really needed, then a profit will be made- that marketplace kind of view and how it cannot apply to the arts. It also examines the NEA and federal funding for the arts versus art support in other countries. These interviews discuss the future of funding within the theatre community in this country.
William Shakespeare: A Concise Biography. Films Media Group, 2005. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=43983>.
This is a basic overview of Shakespeare’s career, but it highlights patronage in his early days. This video also covers the move from strict patronage to the more capitalist theatre, in which Shakespeare owned a tenth of the actual company.
’Tis Pity She’s a Whore: The First Women on the London Stage. Films Media Group, 1994. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=4802>.
This film shows the relationship between prostitution and theatre. It confirms the way that some patrons didn’t respect the art they were paying for, and gives credence to the condescension that was prevalent among patrons of the theatre and the artists they sponsored.
Spend and Prosper: A Portrait of J. M. Keynes. Films Media Group, 1981. Films On Demand. Web. 14 October 2012. <http://ezproxy.nashuacc.edu:2235/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=15978&xtid=7351>.
This is a look at the life of J.M. Keynes, a patron of the theatre who opened his own theatre with private money and essentially used it as his own personal theatrical experiment. The Arts Theatre was a success and this is shown through some of the actors who worked at this theatre early in their esteemed careers.
Books
Schanke, Robert A. Angels in the American Theater. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007.
Composed of sixteen essays that examine the roles that financial investors and backers have played in shaping and developing theater in the United States. This collection employs both a historical and a chronological format. This book provides a comprehensive look at patronage in American theatre, from the early 20th century to today. In the final chapters it begins to explore the switch from personal patronage into corporate support and discusses some potential negatives in this way of funding.
Buchanan, James J. Theorika. Locust Valley, NY: J.J. Agustin Publisher, 1962.
A study of monetary distributions to the Athenian citizenry during the fifth and fourth centuries. Buchanan is giving a broad look at the Theorika, an Athenian group founded to provide monies for festivals, sacrifices, and various public events. This broad look helps to paint the picture of this group and how they made decisions, but rarely focuses strictly on performance. Aristotle is mentioned but only in association to Politics, never Poetics.
Whitfield White, Paul and Westfall, Suzanne R. Shakespeare and Theatrical Patronage in Early Modern England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
An extensive, wide-ranging, and representative study of patronage as it relates to Shakespeare and the theatrical culture of his time. Westfall and White use this collection of different articles to look at patronage in renaissance England, but also to compare how patronage works in modern day theatre. This collection ultimately speaks to the idea of how the past informs the present.
Wickham, Glynne W. G. The Medieval Theatre. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1974.
A history of the development of dramatic art in Christian Europe, this text studies the foundations on which dramatic art was built and describes three major influences upon drama: religion, recreation and commerce. Wickham identifies commerce as one of the three contexts to study medieval theatre, this allows for most of his study to directly relate to patronage or at the very least the need for monetary backing.
Ross, James Bruce and Martin McLaughlin, Mary. The Portable Renaissance Reader. New York: Viking Penguin Inc, 1981.
A study of the European Renaissance including writings, epochal events and the flow of everyday life including; history and the arts, religion and science, and commerce and statecraft. Ross and McLaughlin provide a view of the Renaissance mood through various letters of the people that helped to shape the period. This text provides a context to measure all other research pertaining to patronage in this era.
Journal Articles
Oates, Mary I. and Baumol, William J. "On the Economics of the Theater in Renaissance London." The Swedish Journal of Economics, Vol. 74: No. 1, Economics of Location: Theory and Policy Aspects (Mar., 1972), pp. 136-160.
Oates and Baumol state that the success of theatre in the Renaissance had to do with relatively low wages, and with little competition from outside forces. They make a point that just because wages are higher doesn’t mean the theatre thrives, and that there is historical evidence that might prove the opposite to be true.
Harris, John S. "The Government and Arts Patronage." Public Administration Review, Vol. 33: No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 1973), pp. 407-414.
Harris compares government-sponsored patronage in three countries; Canada, the United States, and Great Britain. He outlines different forms of grants or endowments and tries to leave a roadmap for combinations he deems to be the most successful in this model moving forward.
Sullivan, Ceri. " London's Early Modern Creative Industrialists." Studies in Philology, Volume 103: Number 3, Summer 2006, pp. 313-328.
Sullivan talks extensively about theater patronage, but from the standpoint of commissioning the writing of plays. This literary lens limits its use theatrically, but does introduce Ben Johnson as a “purveyor of high class corporate entertainment”.
Kahn, Coppélia. “Timon of Athens, Jacobean Patronage, and Maternal Power.” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 38: No. 1 (Spring, 1987), pp. 34-57.
Kahn discusses two themes in this selection; feminism & gender and politics. Kahn says that these two elements have to work in tandem because they both reference the other. The article discusses this relationship, but also touches on Shakespeare’s possible attack on the largesse of patrons. Kahn even cites specific text about patronage and the condescending nature that comes with it.
Sources for Images used on this website
Introduction: Banner Image
http://walkswithin.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Love-for-money.jpg
Introduction: Image at Bottom of Page
http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/90063620
Renaissance England: Banner Image
http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2011/04/22/shakespeare-writers-block-animation/
Renaissance England: Plague Image
http://hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu/cdc/plague5.html
Renaissance England: Connections to Modern Day America: Banner Image
http://trish-m.hubpages.com/hub/Sir-Thomas-Treshams-Intriguing-Triangular-Lodge-Rushton-Northants-UK
Pictured: Henry VIII (Hans Holbein jnr); Edward VI (Unknown); Mary I (Master John); Elizabeth I (William Scrots), James I (+ VII) (John de Critz)
Original Source: Wikimedia - 16th + 17th Century. Out of Copyright - Copyright Expired
Renaissance England: Connections to Modern Day America: Fire Image, Left Pane
McDonnell, Brandy B. The Fire-knife Dancers Light up the Stage during Wednesday's Performance. 2010. Photograph. BAM's Blog, Oklahoma City. BAM'S BLOG. Oklahoma City Museum of Art, 23 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. http://blog.newsok.com/bamsblog/2010/12/23/photo-gallery-cirque-du-soleil-alegria-in-oklahoma-city/
Modern Day America: Banner Image
http://www.tcg.org/publications/at/october12/home.cfm
Pictured: Various American Theater Magazine Covers
Modern Day America: Connections to Renaissance England: Banner Image
http://modernamericantheatre.bandcamp.com/
Present Day and Looking Ahead: Banner Image
http://crashingred.com/blogging/blogging-for-love-or-money/
Present Day and Looking Ahead: Disney Cartoon
Deutsch, Barry. "Disney Copyright Violation." Cartoon. N.p., 26 Apr. 2009. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
http://www.disneycopyrightviolations.com/?cat=1
Additional Points of Interest: Banner Images
http://thebroadstage.com/show_info.php?show_id=211
Pictured: Various posters from The Broad Stage in Santa Monica, CA
Presented by SOL-LA Music Academy
Research Sources: Banner Image
http://www.library.drexel.edu/blogs/librarylog/files/2012/01/reference1.jpg